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## SQLite C Interface

## Create Or Redefine SQL Functions

>     int sqlite3_create_function(
>       sqlite3 *db,
>       const char *zFunctionName,
>       int nArg,
>       int eTextRep,
>       void *pApp,
>       void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
>     );
>     int sqlite3_create_function16(
>       sqlite3 *db,
>       const void *zFunctionName,
>       int nArg,
>       int eTextRep,
>       void *pApp,
>       void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*)
>     );
>     int sqlite3_create_function_v2(
>       sqlite3 *db,
>       const char *zFunctionName,
>       int nArg,
>       int eTextRep,
>       void *pApp,
>       void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
>       void(*xDestroy)(void*)
>     );
>     int sqlite3_create_window_function(
>       sqlite3 *db,
>       const char *zFunctionName,
>       int nArg,
>       int eTextRep,
>       void *pApp,
>       void (*xStep)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void (*xFinal)(sqlite3_context*),
>       void (*xValue)(sqlite3_context*),
>       void (*xInverse)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**),
>       void(*xDestroy)(void*)
>     );

These functions (collectively known as "function creation routines") are used to add SQL functions or aggregates or to redefine the behavior of existing SQL functions or aggregates. The only differences between the three "sqlite3_create_function*" routines are the text encoding expected for the second parameter (the name of the function being created) and the presence or absence of a destructor callback for the application data pointer. Function sqlite3_create_window_function() is similar, but allows the user to supply the extra callback functions needed by aggregate window functions.

The first parameter is the database connection to which the SQL function is to be added. If an application uses more than one database connection then application-defined SQL functions must be added to each database connection separately.

The second parameter is the name of the SQL function to be created or redefined. The length of the name is limited to 255 bytes in a UTF-8 representation, exclusive of the zero-terminator. Note that the name length limit is in UTF-8 bytes, not characters nor UTF-16 bytes. Any attempt to create a function with a longer name will result in SQLITE_MISUSE being returned.

The third parameter (nArg) is the number of arguments that the SQL function or aggregate takes. If this parameter is -1, then the SQL function or aggregate may take any number of arguments between 0 and the limit set by sqlite3_limit(SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG). If the third parameter is less than -1 or greater than 127 then the behavior is undefined.

The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what text encoding this SQL function prefers for its parameters. The application should set this parameter to SQLITE_UTF16LE if the function implementation invokes sqlite3_value_text16le() on an input, or SQLITE_UTF16BE if the implementation invokes sqlite3_value_text16be() on an input, or SQLITE_UTF16 if sqlite3_value_text16() is used, or SQLITE_UTF8 otherwise. The same SQL function may be registered multiple times using different preferred text encodings, with different implementations for each encoding. When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.

The fourth parameter may optionally be ORed with SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC to signal that the function will always return the same result given the same inputs within a single SQL statement. Most SQL functions are deterministic. The built-in random() SQL function is an example of a function that is not deterministic. The SQLite query planner is able to perform additional optimizations on deterministic functions, so use of the SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC flag is recommended where possible.

The fourth parameter may also optionally include the SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flag, which if present prevents the function from being invoked from within VIEWs, TRIGGERs, CHECK constraints, generated column expressions, index expressions, or the WHERE clause of partial indexes.

For best security, the SQLITE_DIRECTONLY flag is recommended for all application-defined SQL functions that do not need to be used inside of triggers, views, CHECK constraints, or other elements of the database schema. This flag is especially recommended for SQL functions that have side effects or reveal internal application state. Without this flag, an attacker might be able to modify the schema of a database file to include invocations of the function with parameters chosen by the attacker, which the application will then execute when the database file is opened and read.

The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer. The implementation of the function can gain access to this pointer using sqlite3_user_data().

The sixth, seventh and eighth parameters passed to the three "sqlite3_create_function*" functions, xFunc, xStep and xFinal, are pointers to C-language functions that implement the SQL function or aggregate. A scalar SQL function requires an implementation of the xFunc callback only; NULL pointers must be passed as the xStep and xFinal parameters. An aggregate SQL function requires an implementation of xStep and xFinal and NULL pointer must be passed for xFunc. To delete an existing SQL function or aggregate, pass NULL pointers for all three function callbacks.

The sixth, seventh, eighth and ninth parameters (xStep, xFinal, xValue and xInverse) passed to sqlite3_create_window_function are pointers to C-language callbacks that implement the new function. xStep and xFinal must both be non-NULL. xValue and xInverse may either both be NULL, in which case a regular aggregate function is created, or must both be non-NULL, in which case the new function may be used as either an aggregate or aggregate window function. More details regarding the implementation of aggregate window functions are available here.

If the final parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2() or sqlite3_create_window_function() is not NULL, then it is the destructor for the application data pointer. The destructor is invoked when the function is deleted, either by being overloaded or when the database connection closes. The destructor is also invoked if the call to sqlite3_create_function_v2() fails. When the destructor callback is invoked, it is passed a single argument which is a copy of the application data pointer which was the fifth parameter to sqlite3_create_function_v2().

It is permitted to register multiple implementations of the same functions with the same name but with either differing numbers of arguments or differing preferred text encodings. SQLite will use the implementation that most closely matches the way in which the SQL function is used. A function implementation with a non-negative nArg parameter is a better match than a function implementation with a negative nArg. A function where the preferred text encoding matches the database encoding is a better match than a function where the encoding is different. A function where the encoding difference is between UTF16le and UTF16be is a closer match than a function where the encoding difference is between UTF8 and UTF16.

Built-in functions may be overloaded by new application-defined functions.

An application-defined function is permitted to call other SQLite interfaces. However, such calls must not close the database connection nor finalize or reset the prepared statement in which the function is running.

See also lists of Objects, Constants, and Functions.